Kranz anatomy

ethnobotany

cell lumen

heartwood

secondary growth

stoma

Mycota

periderm

middle lamella

cotyledon

wood

bark

sieve cell

gravitropism

differentiation

epigeous germination

phragmoplast

softwood

2 List 2 characteristics that generally set plants apart from all other organisms. (This means, you

     need to try to select the most significant two differences you can think of.) 5 pts

3 Give one function of the following. Omit any 2. (2 pts each; total = 30 pts)

lignin

plasmodesmata

chromoplasts

chloroplasts

root cap

pericycle

tracheid

pith ray

casparian strips

meristem

guard cells

mesophyll

cork

lenticel

sapwood

leaves

endosperm

4 List 5 significantly different reasons why plants are important. (10 pts)

5 List 4 characteristics that set plant cells apart from the cells of other organisms. Do not use any

     characteristics you listed in question #2. (4 pts)

6 What are the 4 main functions of roots? (4 pts)

7 List 3 functions of the central vacuole of plant cells. (3 pts)

8 List 4 types of evidence that support the Theory of Serial Endosymbiosis. (4 pts)

9 List 2 lateral meristems and the tissues they produce. (8 pts)

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Bonus: 3 points:

    What is the most interesting thing you have learned about plants in this class so far?

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General Botany, BIO 131

Test 2, Feb. 27, 2008

1 List 3 things you should be sure to do when you plant a tree. (6 pts)

2 What are 2 reasons why you should not remove the healthy tops of trees? (4 pts)

3 Compare plants and animals by inserting the correct answers in the table below. (6 pts)

4 Why are algae significant organisms? (List as many reasons as you can.) 6 pts

5 List 4 characteristics that set Fungi apart as a distinct phylum. (12 pts)

6 List 6 significant economic impacts of fungi. (9 pts)

7 List 4 diseases of plants caused by members of Ascomycota. (4 pts)

8 List 4 diseases of humans caused by members of Ascomycota. (4 pts)

9 List 4 ways that mycorrhizae benefit plants. (4 pts)

10 Briefly explain or identify each of the following. Omit any 2. (1 pt each; total = 15 pts)

zoospore

gametangium

mycotoxin

oogamy

haploid

plasmogamy

definitive host

heteroecious parasite

zooxanthellae

Bangiomorpha

gametophyte

hypha

conidial fungus

whiplash flagellum

facultative parasite

coenocytic

Bordeaux mixture

11 Match each of the characteristics with a group, by placing a correct letter in the blank provided.

       Omit 2. (1 pt each; total = 30 pts)

     mycobiont

     phycobiont                                                A. Cyanobacteria

     eukaryotic, no flagellated cells            B. Euglenophyta

     eukaryotic, no sex                                    C. Dinophyta

     oogonia                                                        D. Bacillariophyta

     fairy rings                                                  E. Oomycota

     highly fatal amphibian disease           F. Phaeophyta

     drives flies crazy                                      G. Rhodophyta

     alginates                                                      H. Chlorophyta

     late blight of potatoes                             I. Chytridiomycota

     aflatoxin                                                       J. Zygomycota

     penicillin                                                      K. Ascomycota

     morels                                                           L. Homobasidios

     nori                                                               M. Heterobasidios

     red tides

     glass cell walls

     seaweeds

     heterokont flagella

     tofu

     clamp connections

     endomycorrhizae

     phycobilin pigments

     Pfiesteria

     truffles 

     fucoxanthin is dominant

     long-lived secondary mycelium

     the most ancient (original) fungi

     zooxanthellae

     agar

     coenocytic hyphae

     zoospores

     AIDS pneumonia

BONUS: What is the most surprising thing you’ve learned about Fungi? (max. of 3 pts)

BIO 131, General Botany

Test 3: April 1, 2008

1 Are the following n (haploid) or 2n (diploid)? Omit any two. (2 pts each; total = 24 pts)

gametangium

sporangium

sporocyte

zygote

embryo

moss gametophyte

calyptra

gemma cup

operculum

peristome teeth

sporophyll

microphyll

microspore

integuments

2 Identify or explain each of the following. Omit any two. (2 pts each; total = 28 pts)

Phylum to which seed plants belong

castor bean

1753

protonema

age of oldest known terrestrial plant fossils (to nearest 10 × 10⁶ yrs)

age of oldest known vascular plant fossils (to nearest 10 × 10⁶ yrs)

rhizoid

-aceae

sorus

phylogenetic

Trimerophyta

megasporangium

Phylum to which Selaginella belongs

cryptogam

taxon

Phylum to which hornworts belong

? Questions 3 through 10 are worth 3 pts each.

3 Why is Latin a good language to use for scientific names?

4 Why do we italicize scientific names?

5 List 3 differences between hornworts and liverworts.

6 List 3 distinctly different uses for peat moss.

7 What is the Doctrine of Signatures?

8 What are the fundamental differences which make seed plants different from non-seed plants?

9 Most cycads are rare in nature. What do we think is the basic reason for their rarity?

10 Why is Ginkgo an especially well-adapted plant?

11 What are the fundamental reasons that we classify organisms and other things? (4 pts)

12 What is ricin? What effect does ricin have on the cellular level? (4 pts)

13 From which Phylum did the flowering plants evolve? (4 pts)

14 List 4 differences between plants and most green algae. (6 pts)

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Bonus question (4 pts)

              Why might small disc-shaped chloroplasts be advantageous for land plants?

BIO 131, General Botany

Test 4: May 6, 2008

1 Identify or give the meaning of the following. Omit any two. (2 pts each; total = 30 pts)

rubisco

stigma

another name for megasporophylls of flowers

photorespiration

calyx

another name for microsporophylls of flowers

apogamy

perianth

parthenogenesis

corolla

the fundamental reason why we fertilize plants. [To make them grow is not the answer.]

the function of accessory chloroplast pigments

capillary water

sorbitol

nectary

the specific place in the chloroplast where light energy is converted to chemical energy

the one pigment that is essential for eukaryote photosynthesis

2 What is “double fertilization?” What kinds of plants have double fertilization? (4 pts)

3 List 5 different ways that flowers increase the probability of pollination. (5 pts)

4 List 2 functions of fruits. (4 pts)

5 List the chemical elements necessary for plant growth, health and reproduction. (15 pts)

6 List three general symptoms of mineral deficiency in plants. (3 pts)

7 How are CAM plants different from C4 plants? (4 pts)

8 When photosynthetic pigments lose their excited electrons, how are the lost electrons replaced?

               (3 pts)

9 List 4 ways that Angiosperm reproduction is more efficient than Gymnosperm reproduction.

         (4 pts)

10 List 4 plant adaptations related to obtaining or conserving water. (4 pts)

11 Write the summary chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis. (10 pts)

12 How is temporary wilting different from permanent wilting? (4 pts)

13 List 5 characteristics of plants that are influenced by auxin. (5 pts)

14 What causes the dwarfing of bonsai? (4 pts)

BONUS (max. of 4 pts):

Vascular plants have existed about 420 million years. Most of that time, C3 photosynthesis was the only kind of photosynthesis. Then, C4 photosynthesis evolved in several unrelated groups of vascular plants only about 15 to 20 million years ago. Why do you think, did C4 photosynthesis evolve so recently and in several groups of plants at about the same time?